如何在word輸出IPA符號

方法一：

先下載這個字型檔KK FONT字型檔下載
然後複製到控制台的字型裡面
接下來打開word
插入-符號，上面字型選KK FONT
就可以看到你要的音標出現囉~
可運用音標對照表輸入快捷鍵輸出音標符號音標對照表下載
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方法二：

gcliaw軟體下載
安裝了這個軟體之後，在您的 WORD 工具列會出現 KK 音標母音子音的工具列，可以幫您用電腦來輸入 KK 音標。
軟體說明和檔案說明：
Byph.tte　音標字型
kkph.dot　音標符號表 (音標範本)
readme.doc　本檔案 (檔案說明及安裝)

安裝方法：（使用檔案總管拷貝）
一、將音標字型Byph.tte拷貝至Windows下的Fonts目錄內。
　　(不要使用windows安裝新字型的方法，否則無效)
二、將音標符號表kkph.dot拷貝至下列目錄內：
　　C:\ MSOffice\Winword\Startup
或 C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office\Startup

使用方法：
一、執行Word 7.0。
二、打開〔檢視〕功能表，選擇〔工具列〕，找到並選取
　　〔kk音標_母音〕及〔kk音標_字音〕工具列。
三、輸入kk音標的方式和輸入標點符號表一樣。

KK音標字型及音符字型下載

(以上下載連結可參考關於RapidShare說明)

Biolinguistics LB 110-112

Eric H. Lenneberg+
Some physiological correlates

Let us arbitrarily characterize the activation phase as a sudden peak and the execution phase as a gradual slope as in the functions shown in Fig. 3.18, Curve I (the exact shapes are immaterial for the argument); I(a) shows the time of speech production and (b), (c), and (d) show the artificially delayed arrival times of the speech sounds at the ear. In I(b) the feedback is delayed by about 40 msec and in I(d) by about I65 msec. During the activation phase, the most rapid readjustments in the geometrical spaces of the vocal tract can be made, roughly corresponding to the times in which consonants are produced and/or lips and tongue are set in preparation of vowels; the execution phase is then primarily taken up by the vowel sounds themselves. Thus, the acoustic signals of the activation phase are rapid transitions in the speech wave. When these signals are perceived aurally, they may be assumed to serve as cues for the initiation of the next cycle.

讓我們任意地將活化期描述成驟起高峰，執行期為緩波形，可參看圖表3.18曲線圖I（精確形狀於此論點不是重點），I(a)顯示話語產生的時間，而(b)、(c)、(d)表示語音傳到耳朵的人為延遲時間。在I(b)反饋時間大約延遲40毫秒，在I(d)大約遲了165毫秒。活性期間，口腔內幾何空間可做最快速的調整。大約和發子音時或發母音時唇與舌頭擺放準備時間相符。執行期起初只接收到母音。因此，活性期時聽覺信號在口音波形中快速地轉變，這些信號聽覺上接收時，推估可能為下一次循環開始的信號。

By introducing delays into feedback loop, the cues for the beginning of the next cycle are delayed by an equal amount of time, thereby prolonging the execution phase. The behavioral correlate of this is the drawing out of vowels; this is the most characteristic aspect of speech under delayed auditory feedback. As the delay is increased, the duration of the cycle also is increased accordingly until the delay becomes so long that the signal of the first activation phase arrives at the ears at the same time as the motor apparatus is ready to produce the signal of the second activation phase. At this point, the activation phase of production coincides with the auditorily perceived activation signal, and the signal may now serve as the customary cue resulting in a sudden decrease in speech interference.

將這些延遲時間納入反饋循環，則下次循環的第一個信號會延遲相同時間，因此也延長了執行期的時間。說話時聽覺回饋延遲最典型方面為延長母音時引發的連帶關係。一旦延遲時間增加，循環週期也隨之延長，直到延遲時間不斷拉長，第一活性期的信號傳到耳朵，同時運動神經裝置開始運作第二活性期的信號，就這點來看，活性期的信息產生與聽覺接收活性信號一致，現在這種信號視為快速減少話語干擾的慣性信號。

FIG. 3.18. I. Hypothetical changes in the readiness for adjusting articulatiory organs. II. Speech interference waxes and wanes as a funtion of auditory delay time. (For explanation see text.)



Curve II of Fig. 3.18 shows the hypothetical waxing and waning of interference as a function of delay time. If speech worked with mechanical precision, we would perhaps be able to demonstrate a periodic rise and fall, as in an autocorrelation function. However, imprecisions in the mechanism, factors of attention and concentration, asymmetries in the syllabic structure of speech, and other factors seem to make it difficult to demonstrate more than a single peak in this function. Perhaps with better instrumentation the postulated periodicity may be brought out. Because of mainly statistical artifacts concomitant with pooling and averaging of data, the shape of the function II(a) will become less well-defined, resulting in a curve approximating that shown in II(b). Presumably, Fig. 3.17 represents the first peak of this curve.

圖表3.18的曲線圖顯示延遲時間增長和干擾減少的假設。如果說話產生和精密結構一同配合，我們也許可應證週期的升降，如同一種自動相互關係的作用。然而，結構的不精確性，專心、專注的因素，說話時音節不對稱性和其他種種因素似乎更難以證明超過單一以上高峰形式。也許會有更好應證週期的儀器能推算出，不過因為主要人們產生的數據和總平均數據相符，而II(b)大略地畫出曲線，II(a)也較無完整限定形狀，想必圖表3.17代表的就是曲線的第一高峰。

(b) Signal-switching Between Right and Left Ear. Cherry and Taylor (1954) have reported an experiment in which subjects were required to repeat instantaneously the sentences that were transmitted to them through the ear phones. This task is often called “shadowing.” Subjects can changes or distortions. Cherry and Taylor were interested in seeing how fast a subject could direct his attention from the input to the right ear that of the left ear. In order to answer this question they switched the speech signal alternatively from one ear to other, so that at any onetime only one ear could listen. Their device made it possible to vary the switching rate. In plotting switching rate against articulation score (Fig. 3.19) they found, rather surprisingly, that there is a “critical” switching rate at which articulation scores are lowest. That rate is about three switching cycles per second (that is, when each ear is allowed to hear one-sixth of a second at a time). Huggins (1964) duplicated Cherry and Taylor in an effort toward discovering whether the lowering of the articulation score is due to a disturbance in the perceptual process or whether it is due to some mutilation of the speech signal; the result of his work favors the latter alternative, although some switching of attention does seem to be taking place. His subjects varied a great deal in the amount of disturbance they experienced from the switching, and there were few with articulation scores as dramatically lowered as in the subjects reported by Cherry and Taylor. This particular difference between Huggins’ results and those obtained by Cherry and Taylor may be due to a number of factors that were not controlled in either of these studies; these factors need not concern us here. Huggins did confirm, however, that there is a critical switching rate, and this rate was constant for all subjects and the same as the one reported by the first authors. When the switching becomes too fast, subjects tend to concentrate on the input of their dominant ear, and therefore the switching, at certain critical rates, may have the effect of essentially interrupting the signal periodically. Nevertheless, Huggins’ subjects obtained greater accuracy in their shadowing task when the signal was switched from ear to ear than when presented with nothing but the interrupted speech sound of one ear. These are merely technical details. Cherry and Taylor, as well as Huggins, were confronted with the magical one-sixth of a second as a basic time unit in speech production. The connection is further clarified by the next point.

FIG. 3.19. Articulation score for continuous speech, switched periodically at various frequencies from one ear to ther other in the subject. For each ear, the proportion of period occupied by speech is 50%, the remaninder being silence.
(From Cherry and Taylor, 1954.)


(c) Rate of Interruptions. Periodically interrupted speech is unintelligible if the interruptions occur with certain frequency. Intelligibility is lowest at a rate of 3±1.5 interruptions per second, that is, when listeners are allowed to hear about 165 msec of speech at a time (with a lower limit of 110 msec and an upper limit of 300 msec). If the interruption rate is outside these limits, intelligibility is much improved, as shown in Fig. 3.20. These curves differ from the results of somewhat similar experiments reported by Miller and Licklider (1950), but the discrepancy must be due to the difference in stimulus materials used.

Lashley's publication in 1951: The problem of serial order in behaviour

敲擊主題連結即可下載檔案附件。

Alveolar ejective

Lateral clicks

Jakob Böhme ~ Mysterium

Roger Wolcott Sperry

Born
August 20, 1913Hartford, Connecticut

Died
April 17, 1994

Fields
neuropsychologist, Alma mater, Oberlin College, University of Chicago

Doctoral advisor
Paul A. Weiss

Known for
split-brain research

Notable awards
1981 Nobel Prize in Medicine

Roger Wolcott Sperry (August 20, 1913 – April 17, 1994) was a neuropsychologist, neurobiologist and Nobel laureate who, together with David Hunter Hubel and Torsten Nils Wiesel, won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work with split-brain research.
Sperry was born in Hartford, Connecticut, to Francis Bushnell and Florence Kraemer Sperry. His father was in banking, and his mother trained in business school. Roger had one brother, Russell Loomis. Their father died when Roger was 11. Afterwards, his mother became assistant to the principal in the local high school.
Sperry went to Hall High School in West Hartford, Connecticut, where he was a star athlete in several sports, and did well enough academically to win a scholarship to Oberlin College. At Oberlin, he was captain of the basketball team, and he also took part in varsity baseball, football, and track; he received his bachelor's degree in English in 1935 and a master's degree in psychology in 1937. He received his Ph.D. in zoology from the University of Chicago in 1941, supervised by Paul A. Weiss. Sperry then did post-doctoral research with Karl Lashley at Harvard University.
In 1942, he began work at the Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology, then a part of Harvard University. He left in 1946 to become an assistant professor, and later associate professor, at the University of Chicago. In 1952, he became the Section Chief of Neurological Diseases and Blindness at the National Institutes of Health. In 1954, he accepted a position as a professor at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) where he performed his most famous experiments with his then student Michael Gazzaniga.
Before Sperry's experiments, some research evidence seemed to indicate that areas of the brain were largely undifferentiated and interchangeable. In his early experiments, Sperry showed that the opposite was true: after early development, circuits of the brain are largely hardwired.
In his Nobel-winning work, Sperry tested ten patients who had undergone an operation developed in 1940 by William Van Wagenen, a neurosurgeon in Rochester, NY [1]. The surgery, designed to treat epileptics with intractable grand mal seizures, involves severing the corpus callosum, the area of the brain used to transfer signals between the right and left hemispheres. Sperry and his colleagues tested these patients with tasks that were known to be dependent on specific hemispheres of the brain and demonstrated that the two halves of the brain may each contain consciousness. In his words, each hemisphere is
indeed a conscious system in its own right, perceiving, thinking, remembering, reasoning, willing, and emoting, all at a characteristically human level, and . . . both the left and the right hemisphere may be conscious simultaneously in different, even in mutually conflicting, mental experiences that run along in parallel
—Roger Wolcott Sperry, 1974
This research contributed greatly to understanding the lateralization of brain function. In 1989, Sperry also received the National Medal of Science.
In 1949, Sperry married Norma Gay Deupree. They had one son, Glenn Michael, and one daughter, Janet Hope. At the time he received the Nobel Prize, he was suffering from advanced stage Kuru disease which he had acquired as a young neuroscientist through contact with human brains he was using for his research.

Bibliography

"The problem of central nervous reorganization after nerve regeneration and muscle transposition." Quart. Rev. Biol. 20: 311-369 (1945)
"Regulative factors in the orderly growth of neural circuits." Growth Symp. 10: 63-67 (1951)
"Cerebral organization and behavior." Science 133: 1749-1757 (1961)
"Chemoaffinity in the orderly growth of nerve fiber patterns and connections." Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 50: 703-710 (1963)
"Interhemispheric relationships: the neocortical commissures; syndromes of hemisphere disconnection." (with M.S. Gazzaniga, and J.E. Bogen) In: P. J. Vinken and G.W. Bruyn (Eds.), Handbook Clin. Neurol (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co.) 4: 273-290 (1969)
"Lateral specialization in the surgically separated hemispheres." In: F. Schmitt and F. Worden (Eds.), Third Neurosciences Study Program (Cambridge: MIT Press) 3: 5-19 (1974)
"Mind-brain interaction: mentalism, yes; dualism, no." Neuroscience 5: 195-206. Reprinted in: A.D. Smith, R. Llanas and P.G. Kostyuk (Eds.), Commentaries in the Neurosciences (Oxford: Pergamon Press) pp. 651-662 (1980)
"Science and moral priority: merging mind, brain and human values." Convergence, Vol. 4 (Ser. ed. Ruth Anshen) New York: Columbia University Press (1982)

References

^ Gazzangiga, M. F. (2008). Human: The Science Behind What Makes Us Unique. HarperCollins Publishers.
Bogen, J E (Sep 1999). Roger Wolcott Sperry (20 August 1913-17 April 1994). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 143 (3): 491–500. PMID 11624452.
Hamilton, C R (Oct 1998). Paths in the brain, actions of the mind: Special issue in honor of Roger W. Sperry. Neuropsychologia 36 (10): 953–4. PMID 9845044.
Voneida, T J (1997). Roger Wolcott Sperry, 20 August 1913-17 April 1994. Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain) 43: 461–70. PMID 11619982.
Miller, J G (Oct 1994). Roger Wolcott Sperry. Born August 20, 1913--died April 17, 1994. Behavioral science 39 (4): 265–7. PMID 7980367.
Trevarthen, C (Oct 1994). Roger W. Sperry (1913-1994). Trends Neurosci. 17 (10): 402–4. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(94)90012-4. PMID 7530876.
Hubel, D (May 1994). Roger W. Sperry (1913-1994). Nature 369 (6477): 186. doi:10.1038/369186a0. PMID 8183336.
Girstenbrey, W (Dec 1981). [The different faces of the hemispheres. The presentation of the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology 1981 to the neurobiologists Sperry, Hubel and Wiesel]. Fortschr. Med. 99 (47-48): 1978–82. PMID 7035316.
Ottoson, D (Oct 1981). [Sperry has given us a new dimension on views of the higher functions of the brain]. Lakartidningen 78 (43): 3765–73. PMID 7033697.

(Cited from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry)

Karl Lashley

Born
June 7, 1890Davis, West Virginia

Died
August 7, 1958

Nationality
United States

Fields
psychology, Alma mater, Johns Hopkins University

Known for
learning and memory

Karl Spencer Lashley (1890–1958), born in Davis, West Virginia, was an American psychologist and behaviorist well-remembered for his influential contributions to the study of learning and memory. His failure to find a single biological locus of memory (or "engram", as he called it) suggested to him that memories were not localized to one part of the brain, but were widely distributed throughout the cortex.
While working toward his Ph.D. in genetics at Johns Hopkins University, Karl Lashley became associated with the influential psychologist John B. Watson. During three years of postdoctoral work on vertebrate behavior (1914-17), he began formulating the research program that was to occupy the remainder of his life.
In 1920 he became an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, where his prolific research on brain function gained him a professorship in 1924. He was later a professor at the University of Chicago (1929-35) and Harvard University (1935-55) and also served as director of the Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology, Orange Park, Florida from 1942 to 1955.
His work included research on brain mechanisms related to sense receptors and on the cortical basis of motor activities. His major work was done on the measurement of behavior before and after specific, carefully quantified, induced cortical damage in rats. He trained rats to perform specific tasks (seeking a food reward), then lesioned varying portions of the rat cortex, either before or after the animals received the training depending upon the experiment. The amount of cortical tissue removed had specific effects on acquisition and retention of knowledge, but the location of the removed cortex had no effect on the rats' performance in the maze. This led Lashley to conclude that memories are not localized but widely distributed across the cortex.Today we know that distribution of engrams does in fact exist, however, the distribution is not equal across all cortical areas, as Lashley assumed. His study of the V1 (primary visual cortex) led him to believe that it was a site of learning and memory storage (i.e an engram) in the brain. He reached this erroneous conclusion due to imperfect lesioning methods.
By 1950, Lashley had distilled his research into two theories. The principle of "mass action" stated that the cerebral cortex acts as one—as a whole—in many types of learning. The principle of "equipotentiality" stated that if certain parts of the brain are damaged, other parts of the brain may take on the role of the damaged portion.

Notable publications

1923 "The behavioristic interpretation of consciousness." Psychological Bulletin
1929 "Brain mechanisms and intelligence."
1930 "Basic neural mechanisms in behavior." Psychological Review
1932 "Studies in the dynamics of behavior." University of Chicago Press.
1935 "The mechanism of vision", Part 12: Nervous structures concerned in the acquisition and retention of habits based on reactions to light. Comparative Psychology Monographs 11: 43–79.
1950 "In search of the engram." Society of Experimental Biology Symposium 4: 454–482.
1951 "The problem of serial order in behavior." Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior

(Cited from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry)

Paul Alfred Weiss

Born
March 21, 1898Vienna, Austria

Died
September 8, 1989New York, USA

Residence
White Plains, New York, USA

Citizenship
USA

Fields
developmental biology

Institutions
Vienna University of Technology, Biological Research Institute of the Vienna Academy of Sciences, Yale UniversityUniversity of ChicagoRockefeller University

Alma mater
Technische Hochschule Wien (1922)

Doctoral advisor
Hans Prizbram
Doctoral students
Roger Sperry

Known for
morphogenesisdevelopmental biologyneurobiology
Notable awards
National Medal of Science (1979)

Paul Alfred Weiss (March 21, 1898-September 8, 1989) was an Austrian biologist who specialised in morphogenesis, development, differentiation and neurobiology. A teacher, experimenter and theorist, he made a lasting contribution to science in his lengthy career, throughout which he sought to encourage specialists in different fields to meet and share insights.
Paul Weiss was born in Vienna the son of Carl S. Weiss, a businessman, and Rosalie Kohn Weiss. His background favoured music, poetry, and philosophy - Weiss himself was a violinist - but an uncle encouraged an interest in science. Weiss received his baccalaureate in 1916.
After the end of the First World War, having served for three years as an officer in the artillery, he commenced studies in mechanical engineering at the Technische Hochschule in Vienna, (now Vienna University of Technology). He then then shifted his focus to biology with a minor in physics. He absorbed the studies of Edmond B. Wilson, Edwin G. Concklin, and Theodor Bovari, ande completed his doctoral thesis in 1922, under Hans Prizbram, then director of the Biological Research Institute of the Academy of Sciences in Vienna, on the responses of butterflies to light and gravity.
After completing his thesis he traveled widely in Europe, becoming an assistant director of the Biological Research Institute of the Vienna Academy of Sciences. In 1926 he married Maria Helen Blaschka.
His studies of limb regeneration in newts showed that a complete limb could regenerate even if particular tissue forms were removed from the stump: the required types of tissue would reform. He studied cell differentiation and the transplanting and reforming of connections in the nerves of limbs, using newts and frogs for his experiments. He went on to consider neurobiology and morphogenesis. He introduced the idea of the "natural experiment" - the quest for suggestive examples from nature - and this became a favourite teaching device.
In 1930 a prospective post at the University of Frankfurt was lost due to the depression and Weiss moved to the USA. In 1931, after studying developing cell cultures for some time, Weiss won a Sterling fellowship to work with Ross Granville Harrison at Yale. He took US citizenship in 1939, publishing his Principles of Development the same year.[1] From 1933 to 1954, after working briefly at Yale, he taught at the University of Chicago.
In his work on tissue cultures Weiss outlined several features of cell proliferation: he showed how cell-patterns are affected by their substrate and, through grafts, proved that basic neural patterns of coordination were self-differentiating rather than learned, though higher vertebrates can "retrain" reflexes.
During World War 2 he worked with the American government on nerve injury. In 1947 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 1954 he became one of the first professors at the new Rockefeller University in New York, where he remained for fifteen years. Paul Wiess was awarded the National Medal of Science by President Jimmy Carter in 1979. He died at White Plains, New York, on September 8, 1989, at the age of 91.[2]

(Cited from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Alfred_Weiss)

Plasticity

(mechanics) The property of a solid body whereby it undergoes a permanent change in shape or size when subjected to a stress exceeding a particular value, called the yield value.

Sci-Tech Encyclopedia: Plasticity

The ability of a solid body to permanently change shape (deform) in response to mechanical loads or forces. Deformation characteristics are dependent on the material from which a body is made, as well as the magnitude and type of the imposed forces. In addition to plastic, other types of deformation are possible for solid materials.
One common test for measuring the plastic deformation characteristics of materials is the tensile test, in which a tensile (stretching) load is applied along the axis of a cylindrical specimen, with deformation corresponding to specimen elongation. The load is converted into stress; its units are megapascals (1 MPa = 106 newtons per square meter) or pounds per square inch (psi). Likewise, the amount of deformation is converted into strain, which is unitless. The test results are expressed as a plot of stress versus strain. See also Stress and strain.
Typical tensile stress-strain curves have been calculated for metal alloys and polymeric materials. For both materials, the initial regions of the curves are linear and relatively steep. Deformation that occurs within these regions is nonpermanent (nonplastic) or elastic. This means that the body springs back to its original dimensions once the stress is released, or that all of the deformation is recovered. In addition, stress is proportional to strain (Hooke's law), and the slope of this linear segment corresponds to the elastic (Young's) modulus. See also Elasticity; Hooke's law; Young's modulus.
Plastic (permanent) deformation begins at the point where linearity ceases such that, upon removal of the load, not all deformation is recovered (the body does not assume its original or stress-free dimensions). The onset of plastic deformation is called yielding, and the corresponding stress value is called the yield strength. After yielding, all deformation is plastic and, until fracture, the curves are nonlinear. This behavior is characteristic of many metal alloys and polymeric materials. The concept of plasticity does not normally relate to ceramic materials such as glasses and metal oxides (for example, aluminum oxide). See also Plastic deformation of metal.

(Cited from: http://www.answers.com/Plasticity)